Peace in International Relations

Introduction According to Marsden (2003), peace can be defined as the as a state of public tranquility or freedom from war. This means that for peace to prevail in a given public setup there has to be calmness initiated by the members of the society or community referred to as peacemakers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peace in International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Impacts of International relations theories on peacemaking and post-conflict recovery In international relations, peace can be explained in three different theories which are: Realism Liberalism Constructivism Mac Ginty (2003) asserts that the realism theory concentrates on the struggle for power amongst different states and portrays the hardships in doing away with conflicts or wars. It majors on giving reasons for war or imperialism as it focuses on competition for power or property amongst different states as it upholds the ch aracteristics of American soviet rivalry. Liberalism, on the other hand, advocates for a solution to peace. It is through liberalism that there would be economic interdependence amongst different states hence there would be no threats on states’ prosperity. Liberalism is also concerned with the democracy of a particular state (Hudson, 2005). Democratic countries are said to promote peace by carrying out more peacemaking activities unlike authoritarian states (Marsden, 2003). In addition, Liberalism is said to bring unity among different states as it promotes the interdependence of international resources amongst different states. For instance, the International Monetary Fund offers financial aid to different countries or states. The constructivist theory on the other hand advocates for useful changes in states. For example, a change in the Marxist agenda and the setting idea of capitalism in the current world has caused improvement peacemaking initiatives. These three theorie s have a great impact in the peace making process described below as they set up the pace for peace making. Thomas and Tow (2002) assert, â€Å"They give advice as evident in the peace keeping techniques on how to approach conflicts and resolve them eventually through the most appropriate means†.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Historical context on how to end war It is due to the efforts made by peace keeping organizations that brought the end of the cold war in 1989. This was brought about by the shifting priorities of individuals in different states. In my own opinion, considering the fact that war brought about losses and lack of time to perform constructive obligations, it is always a good idea to neglect the competition for property or power amongst states but encourage interdependence amongst them. Langlois (2012) argues that war in most cases leads to dest ruction of what people are fighting for hence no benefit to any of the war parties. Peace operations to end war or conflict It is usually a good idea to come up with peace operations which are likely to contribute positively in peace keeping or peace building. For example, â€Å"Mission creep† was initiated in Somalia and Rwanda as a measure to calm war. Hudson (2005) asserts that in 2000, there was also a report on the panel on the United Nations peace operations that was meant to promote peace between countries. Individual responsibility Abass (2010) takes the stand that it is significant to note the shift of peace promotion from state hands to the hands of the individual. Individuals are said to be the prime objects of establishing peace between different regions. The behavior of human beings determine so much on state tranquility hence peace starts from individual level to state’s level (Mac Ginty, 2003). This is according to International Commission on Interventio n and State Sovereignty (ICISS) report tabled in 2001 that calls upon individuals to exercise peace at individual level. Human security Human security is one of the most fundamental reasons for peace initiatives in a state. It is important to note that human security is held as being vital than the sovereignty of the state. This is mainly because human beings make up the state and without them the state cannot exist (Burke, 2012). Therefore, it is significant to exercise human security as a measure to achieve peace in a state. This can be achieved by individuals employing liberalism in their peace making techniques.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peace in International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human intervention to end war Dobbins (2005) suggests that in order to avoid conflicts or wars, human intervention should be employed and avoid military action unless war is the last resort to solve the conflict. Chapter VII of the UN Charter permits use of military force by the international community if peaceful measures prove inadequate though they still must be mandated by UNSC. Though there are many critics to this opinion, it still remains to be the most conscious decision by many governments. Peace concepts In the concepts of maintaining peace, the issue of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) is meant to provide security that boosts peace in an area. SSR (Security Sector Reform) is also involved in creating the right structure for peace keeping in the society. Bellamy et al (2008) argue that the government also takes up the obligation of maintaining peace to its people. Conclusion In conclusion, it is important to assert that peacemaking is a vital role in the society that should be promoted from individual to the state’s level for the economic, social and religious benefits of the people. The theories of communication also add up to importance of peac emaking as they set a pace for peace building. References Abass, A 2010, Protecting human security in Africa, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Bellamy, AJ et al. 2011, The responsibility to protect and international law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, Boston. Burke, A 2012, An Introduction to International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Dobbins, J 2005, The UN’s role in nation-building: from the Congo to Iraq, RAND Corp, Santa Monica, CA.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hudson, H 2005, ‘Doing’ Security as Though Humans Matter’, Security Dialogue, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 155-174. Langlois, A 2012, ‘Human Rights’, in R Devetak, A Burke and J George (eds), An Introduction to International Relations, 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.440-459. Mac Ginty, R, 2003, ‘The Pre-War Reconstruction of Post-War Iraq’, Third World Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 601-617. Marsden, P 2003, ‘Afghanistan: the reconstruction process’, International Affairs, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 92–104. Thomas, N Tow, WT 2002, ‘The utility of human security: sovereignty and humanitarian intervention’, Security Dialogue, vol. 33, no. 2, pp.177-192. This essay on Peace in International Relations was written and submitted by user John Webb to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biography of Kit Carson

Biography of Kit Carson Kit Carson became widely known in the mid-1800s as a trapper, guide, and frontiersman whose daring exploits thrilled readers and inspired others to venture westward. His life, for many, came to symbolize the hardy traits Americans needed to survive in the West. In the 1840s Carson was being mentioned in newspapers in the East as a noted guide who had lived among the Indians in the region of the Rocky Mountains. After guiding an expedition with John C. Fremont, Carson visited Washington, D.C., in 1847 and was invited to dinner by President James K. Polk. Lengthy accounts of Carons visit to Washington, and accounts of his adventures in the West, were printed widely in newspapers in the summer of 1847. At a time when many Americans were dreaming of heading westward along the Oregon Trail, Carson became something of an inspirational figure. For the next two decades Carson reigned as something of a living symbol of the West. Reports of his travels in the West, and periodic mistaken reports of his death, kept his name in the newspapers. And in the 1850s novels based on his life appeared, making him an American hero in the mold of Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone. When he died in 1868 the Baltimore Sun reported it on page one, and noted that his name has been the synonym of wild adventure and daring to all Americans of the present generation. Early Life Christopher Kit Carson was born in Kentucky on December 24, 1809. His father had been a soldier in the Revolutionary War, and Kit was born the fifth of 10 children in a fairly typical frontier family. The family moved to Missouri, and after Kits father died his mother apprenticed Kit to a sadder. After learning to make saddles for a time, Kit decided to strike out westward, and in 1826, at the age of 15, he joined an expedition that took him along the Santa Fe trail to California. He spent five years on that first western expedition and considered that his education. (He received no actual schooling, and did not learn to read or write until late in life.) After returning to Missouri he left again, joining an expedition to northwestern territories. He was engaged in fighting against the Blackfeet Indians in 1833, and then spent about eight years as a trapper in the western mountains. He married a woman of the Arapahoe tribe, and they had a daughter. In 1842 his wife died, and he returned to Missouri where he left his daughter, Adaline, with relatives. While in Missouri Carson met the politically-connected explorer John C. Fremont, who hired him to guide an expedition to the Rocky Mountains.   Famous Guide Carson traveled with Fremont on an expedition in the summer of 1842. And when Fremont published an account of his trek which became popular, Carson was suddenly a famous American hero.   In late 1846 and early 1847 he fought in battles during a rebellion in California, and in the spring of 1847 he came to Washington, D.C., with Fremont. During that visit he found himself very popular, as people, especially in the government, wanted to meet the famous frontiersman. After having dinner at the White House, he was eager to return West. By the end of 1848 he was back in Los Angeles. Carson had been commissioned an officer in the U.S. Army, but by 1850 he was back to being a private citizen. For the next decade he was engaged in various pursuits, which included fighting Indians and trying to run a farm in New Mexico. When the Civil War broke out he organized a volunteer infantry company to fight for the Union, though it mostly battled with local Indian tribes. An injury to his neck from a horseback accident in 1860 created a tumor that pressed on his throat, and his condition worsened as the years went on. On May 23, 1868, he died at a U.S. Army outpost in Colorado.

Barriers To Communication

Barriers To Communication For any kind of communication to be successful, it is essential that the receiver attributes the same meaning to the message as intended by the sender of the message. But all acts of communication are not perfect or successful. At times, some meaning is lost as the message encounters various barriers along its passage between the sender and the receiver. Such barriers may arise at any of the stages through which a message passes during the process of communication. This is also called miscommunication. Some of the common problems that lead to the failure of communication are: noise, cultural differences, complexity of subject matter, personal biases, semantic problems, socio-psychological barriers, filtering, information overload, poor retention, poor listening, goal conflicts, slanting, inferring, etc. Barriers to communication can be classified as follows on the basis of the stage of the communication process during which the problem/s arise: a. Sender-oriented barriers: lack of p lanning, lack of clarity about the purpose of communication, improper choice of words resulting in a badly encoded message, difference in perception, wrong choice of the channel, unjustified presumptions, etc. b. Receiver-oriented barriers: poor listening, lack of interest, difference in perception, biased attitude, etc. c. Channel-oriented barriers: noise, wrong selection of medium, technical defects in the address system or the medium of communication chosen by the sender, time and distance, etc. We may define communication as a psycho-semantic process. Therefore, the barriers that affect the effectiveness of communication are mostly of social-psychological-linguistic nature. These factors may act upon any or all of the elements of the process of communication, that is, the sender or the receiver or the channel. And a common barrier for both the sender and receiver can be the absence of a common frame of reference which often leads to the breakdown of communication in a specific s ituation. A common frame of reference is the context in which communication takes place. A well-defined context helps the sender and the receiver to comprehend the content of the message in a similar way, with regard to its implications and meaning. Many of the barriers listed above are easy to understand. But a few of them may require a detailed explanation. DIFFERENT TYPES OF BARRIERS The various barriers to communication can be classified into the following broad categories: 1) Semantic or language barriers, 2) Physical barriers, 3) Personal barriers, 4) Emotional or perceptional barriers, 5) Socio-psychological barriers, 6) Cultural barriers, and 7) Organizational barriers. SEMANTIC/LANGUAGE BARRIERS Semantics is the systematic study of the meaning of words. Thus, the semantic barriers are barriers related to language. Such barriers are problems that arise during the process of encoding and/or decoding the message into words and ideas respectively. Both the oral and the written communication are based on words/symbols which are ambiguous in nature. Words/ symbols may be used in several ways and may have several meanings. Unless the receiver knows the context, he may interpret the word/symbol according to his own level of understanding and may thus misinterpret the message. The most common semantic barriers are listed as under:

What is the Urey-Miller experiment What important organic molecules Essay

What is the Urey-Miller experiment What important organic molecules were produced in this experiment What is chemical evolution Why is life so difficult to define - Essay Example According to most research workers, the difference between nonliving and living is more difficult than a simple list of rules (Chaisson, & McMillan 365). In 1953, on the primitive ground, the 1st experimental demonstration for the evolution of complex molecules in a natural way from simpler components was discovered. In this experiment, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey took a mixture of the different materials like a "primordial soup" of water, ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) and then energized it by passing discharge of electricity through it (Chaisson, & McMillan 365). A few days after the experiment was done, they examined their mixture and discovered that the mixture contained lots of the amino acids that are similar to those that are nowadays found in every living thing on earth. Later on, scientific researchers successfully discovered nucleotide bases by performing a similar experiment. The above figure shows the experimental settings of the Miller-Urey Experiment. Almost a week later, different complex molecules and amino acids were detected at the bottom of the trap, which reproduces the primordial mass within which heavy molecules were produced in the overlying atmosphere would have diminished (Chaisson, & McMillan 365). There are many basic components in microspheres that are required in the formation of life but these microspheres are not living itself. Microspheres do not have the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hereditary molecules. Despite the fact that no real life cell has been created yet from the beginning, most of the biochemists believe that the chemical evolution is the series of experiments most importantly from simple molecules that are not biological nearly to the life itself has been fully proved (Chaisson, & McMillan 365). The figure above shows the chemical evolution. In this figure, a tiny drop similar to protein and rich of carbon shows the combination of many of the molecules of amino acid in a

Puerto Rican immigration and their occupational difficulties in the US Research Paper

Puerto Rican immigration and their occupational difficulties in the US - Research Paper Example 1). Moreover, it is still among the countries with high crime rates and murders have been averaged to 26.2 per 10,000 inhabitants. Therefore, the paper will seek to look into the immigration of the Puerto Ricans into the US. It will also look into their occupational difficulties and poor income. Puerto Ricans early migration to the United States was mainly a result of serious poverty levels as much as crime related issues also contributed to this effect (Hong et al p. 118). The number of migrants increased after Puerto Rico became a protectorate of the United States, thereby, improving relation ties between these countries. Migration patterns were mainly determined by the existence of industrial jobs mainly in New York City and increased as the years advanced. With the First World War at bay, approximately 1000 Puerto Ricans served as Army soldiers in the US. This number increased by the time the Second World War was happening. World War II contributed greatly towards the immigration of Puerto Ricans. It brought about economic issues in Puerto Rico leading to their immigration to the United States. The effect of the Second World War which took almost ten years caused the population of Puerto Ricans to rise to approximately two million people with the residents experiencing low living standards. Lack of employment opportunities after immigration was a major problem the Puerto Ricans faced as they settled in New York City (Mihelich p.65). The main source of employment during this period was available in garment shops in the district. There were also various jobs that were available to the immigrants in the city. Puerto Ricans who were hard working did jobs in the city’s garment shops. Moreover, illiterate immigrants did low skilled jobs in the city’s industries in order to make a living for themselves. Therefore, the insurgence of the Second World War greatly contributed to the migration patterns of the Puerto Ricans

Xunzi Human Nature Essay Example for Free

Xunzi Human Nature Essay Introduction Xunzi (Xun Qing, or Xun Kuang: c. 310-c. 219 BCE) lived at the very end of the Zhou dynasty. Like Mencius, he was an advocate and interpreter of the teachings of Confucius. Living a generation after Mencius, Xunzi lived through the final, brutal wars which ended with the state of Qin absorbing and unifying all the Chinese feudal states. Xunzi was a widely traveled scholar, teacher, and official. Document Excerpts with Questions (Longer selection follows this section) From Sources of Chinese Tradition, compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom, 2nd ed. , vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 179-183.  © 1999 Columbia University Press. Reproduced with the permission of the publisher. All rights reserved. Selection? from? the? Xunzi:? â€Å"Human? Nature? Is? Evil†? ? Human? nature? is? evil:? its? goodness? derives? from? conscious? activity.? Now? it? is? human? nature? to? be? born? with? a? fondness? for? profit.? Indulging? this? leads? to? contention? and? strife,? and? the? sense? of? modesty? and? yielding? with? which? one? was? born? disappears.? One? is? born? with? feelings? of? envy? and? hate,? and,? by? indulging? these,? one?is? led? into? banditry? and? theft,? so? that? the? sense? of? loyalty? and? good? faith? with? which? he? was? born? disappears.? One? is? born? with? the? desires? of? the? ears? and? eyes? and? with? a? fondness? for? beautiful? sights? and? sounds,? and,? by? indulging? these,? one? is? led? into? licentiousness? and? chaos,? so? that? the? sense? of? ritual,? rightness,? refinement,? and? principle? with? which? one? was? born? is? lost.? Hence,? following? human? nature? and? indulging? human? emotions? will? inevitably? lead? to? contention? and? strife,? causing? o the? example? of? a? teacher? and? guided? by? the? way? of? ritual? and? rightness? before? one? will? attain? modesty? and? yielding,? accord with? refinement? and? ritual,? and? return? to? order.? †¦? ? †¦? A? questioner? asks:? If? human? nature? is? evil,? then? where? do? ritual? and? rightness? come? from I? reply:? ritual? and? rightness? are? always? created? by? the? conscious? activity? of? the? sages;? essentially? they? are? not? created? by? human? nature.? †¦? ? If? human? nature? were? good,? we? could? dispense? with? the? sage? kings? and? desist? from? the? practice? of? ritual? and? rightness.? Since? human? nature? is? evil,? we? must? elevate? the? sages? and? esteem? ritual? and? rightness.? ? Primary Source Document, with Questions (DBQs) on SELECTION FROM THE XUNZI: â€Å"HUMAN NATURE IS EVIL† Questions: 1. How does Xunzi’s understanding of human nature compare to your own? 2. How does Xunzi’s understanding of human nature compare to that of Mencius? Which do you prefer, and why? 3. Why might the two men, from the same background, both self-appointed interpreters of Confucius, and only one generation apart, come up with their respective understandings of human nature? 4. What implications does Xunzi’s understanding of human nature have for family life and government? Longer Selection From Sources of Chinese Tradition, compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom, 2nd ed. , vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 179-183.  © 1999 Columbia University Press. Reproduced with the permission of the publisher. All rights reserved. Selection? from? the? Xunzi:? â€Å"Human? Nature? Is? Evil†? ? Human? nature? is? evil;? its? good? derives? from? conscious? activity.? Now? it? is? human? nature? to? be? born? with? a? fondness?for? profit.? Indulging? this? leads? to? contention? and? strife,? and? the? sense? of? modesty? and? yielding? with? which? one? was? born? disappears.? One? is? born? with? feelings? of? envy? and? hate,? and,? by? indulging? these,? one? is? led? into? banditry? and? theft,? so? that? the? sense? of? loyalty? and? good? faith? with? which? he? was? born? disappears.? One? is? born? with? the? desires? of? the? ears? and? eyes? and? with? a? fondness? for? beautiful? sights? and? sounds,? and,? by? indulging? these,? one? is? led? to? licentiousness? and? chaos,? so? that? the? sense? of? ritual,? rightness,? refinement,? and? principle? with? which? one? was? born? is? lost.? Hence,? following? human? nature? and? indulging? human? emotions? will? inevitably? lead? to? contention? and? strife,? causing? one? to? rebel? against? one’s? proper? duty,? reduce? principle? to? chaos,? and? revert? to? violence.? Therefore? one? must? be? transformed? by? the? example? of? a? teacher? and? guided? by? the? way? of? ritual? and? rightness? before? one? will? attain? modesty? and? yielding,? accord? with? refinement? and? ritual,?and? return? to? order.? From? this? perspective? it? is? apparent? that? human? nature? is? evil? and? that? its? goodness? is? the? result? of? conscious? activity.? ? Thus? warped? wood? must? be? laid? against? a? straightening? board,? steamed,? and? bent? into? shape? before? it? can? become? straight;? blunt? metal? must? be? ground? on? a? whetstone? before? it? can? become? sharp.? And? in? that? human? nature? is? evil,? it? must? wait? for? the? example? of? a? teacher? before? it? can? become? upright,? and? for? ritual? and? rightness? before? it? can? become? orderly.? Now,? if? people? lack? the? example? of? teachers? they? will? be? partial? and? narrow? rather? than? upright;? if? they? lack? ritual? and? rightness? they? will? be? rebellious? and? chaotic? rather? than? orderly.? In? ancient? times? the? sage? kings,? recognizing? that? the? nature? of? human? beings? is? evil that? they? incline? toward? evil? and? are? not? upright,? that? they? are? disposed? toward? chaos? and? are? not? orderly? created? ritual? and? Asia for Educators | Columbia University | http://afe. easia. columbia. eduÃ'Ž

Standardized Testing and Teacher Cheating Essay -- High-Stakes Standard

In the contemporary American education system high-stakes standardized testing has resulted in a focus on extensive test preparation, as well as a large increase in the numbers of teachers cheating by alternating their students' test scores. Both these phenomena are a direct consequence of the incentives and punishments directly linked to standardized test results. Many teachers have taken acceptable measures in improving their students’ scores, such as simply â€Å"teaching to the test†, and taking class time to teach test taking techniques and procedures often resulting in a significant loss in time for other important standards and benchmarks that are not tested on. Taking a deontologist stance, one would propose that the teachers are merely acting from their duty to help their students succeed, and that if the standardized test is a true reflection of the material a student should have mastered, â€Å"teaching to the test† exactly the course a teacher should take. With the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 teachers are â€Å"implicitly encouraged to reallocate classroom time, because it only requires testing in reading and math in seven grades and science in three† (Phelps) and taking any other form of action would result in failure for the students and the instructor. One can argue that teac hing to the test can easily be squashed by changing and rotating test topics between all of the benchmarks and standards teachers are ethically obligated to teach; however, this arises the question, do administrators and educators really want to stop this well adapted to process? This phenomenon places a utilitarian at a conflict of short term versus long term effects and benefits. When focusing on the short term benefits, a utili... ...2011): 38+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. Smolin, Andrea, and Jennifer Clayton. "Standardized Testing: How Prepared Are We?." Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership. 12(4). (2009): 29-36. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. Wiliam, Dylan. "Standardized Testing and School Accountability." Educational Psychologist. 45(2). (2010): 107-122. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. Farah, Yara N. "Through Another's Eyes." Gifted Child Today 36.3 (2013): 209-212. Professional Development Collection. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. Was, Christopher A. "Standardized Testing: NOT The Root Of All Evil." Psyccritiques 54.23 (2009): PsycCRITIQUES. Web. 18 Nov. 2013. Jacob, Brian, and Steven Levitt. "Rotten Apples: An Investigation of the Prevalence and Predictors of Teacher Cheating." Oxford University Press. 118.3 (2003): 843-877. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. .

Information Systems Management in Practice

Information system is perceived as tools to automate business processes for better performance and productivity. It is viewed as a machine which takes input, possesses processing logic and gives a defined output which is further used to process jobs. It was strictly viewed as a catalyst in bulk processing of tasks and also those that are very difficult for human resources to take care. Primarily the idea of information system was duly followed and businesses could use it often effectively for automating their business processes. Presently, the meaning of information system is quite different from traditional thinking.It is definitely used for automating tasks; however it is also used for mining of data for finding a new definition of information. The idea is to find the hidden meaning of information, intelligence in the information domain for an organization. The meaning of integration of various isolated business processes into a holistic integrated system is a new meaning of techno logy. The concept of information system is now exploited to bring out exceptional variants of fetching intelligence out of information and better and stronger connection of resources for better business advantage.The idea is to encourage better process development which would ensure right judgment of the business advantage. From the transition of simple systems to ERP and intelligent systems, information technology has taken a leap ahead in finding better solutions for business. The transition further would enhance better forms of use and seamlessly integrating with various latest handled devices for control and management of business processes. The combination of technology and communications would bind the technology closely with the needs of the organization and evolve to enable the organization for better prospects in future.The previous perceptions of information system have evolved with time and have become better to understand the organization and its needs. The information s ystem perception from automated behavioral nature to intelligent devices has come a long way to decide the future rule of information systems over every part of human life and work. References McNurlin B. C. and Sprague R. H. (2009). Information Systems Management in Practice (8th Ed). Prentice Hall.

Kingship in Macbeth Essay

The theme of kingship is one which can be see constantly throughout the play. This makes sense as the play is ultimately a tribute to King James I, who was king when Macbeth was written in 1606. King James strongly believed that becoming king was a divine right and that they themselves, as kings, were God’s representatives on earth. All these aspects can be seen from beginning to end of Macbeth and we see how when this order of kings is changed by unnatural means, everyone suffers. During the course of the play we see the traits of four kings: Duncan, Macbeth, Edward and Malcolm. Through the reign of each of these kings, we are shown clearly how a country is only stable if the king is good and virtuous. In Shakespearean times, a king had absolute power and the welfare of the state depended strongly on him. All people were similar to King James in the belief that kings were appointed by divine right, and had to possess the king becoming graces of, ‘’justice, verity, temperance, bounty, perseverance, stableness, lowliness and devotion. ’’ When the play opens, we see Duncan as king. He himself admit that there ‘’is not art to finding the mind’s construction in the face. ’’ This inability to judge people well, ultimately leads to his downfall. The original Thane of Cowdor, ‘’a man in whom I [Duncan] placed upmost trust’’ rebelled against Scotland when under the reign of Duncan, something which Duncan could not foresee. Similar happened with Macbeth. Duncan trusted Macbeth and saw him as a ‘’brave and valiant cousin. ’’ Duncan’s trusting of Macbeth lead to his own untimely death. We can see clearly Duncan’s weakness as king; he trusts too easily. We can also see the traits of a good king in his character as his punishes those who commit treason (Thane of Cowdor), and rewards those who are brave and loyal (Banquo and Macbeth), ‘’go announce his present death and with his former title greet Macbeth. ’’ It is clear that people respected Duncan as king and his godliness can be seen in the words expressed by Macduff when he is murdered, ‘’ most sac religious murder hath broke ope’ the lord’s anointed temple and stolen the life hense. ’’ Ironically Macbeth himself praises and acknowledges Duncan’s qualities, ‘’ Duncan hath borne his faculties so meek. ’ When Macbeth becomes king, we see the opposite to Duncan. Macbeth reigns with terror and has constant feelings of paranoia, trusting no one, ‘’to be thus is nothing, but to be safely thus,’’ ‘’we have scorched the snake, not killed it,’’ ‘’our fears in Banquo stick deep. ’’ Macbeth’s reign cannot be succeeded by his children as he became king through a sinful and unnatural act of regicide, ‘’upon my head they placed a fruitless crown. ,’’ During this time, regiside was considered to be one of the most unforgivable crimes possible- the killing of God’s chosen representative on Earth. This act alone show that Macbeth will rule as a king of terror. His reign is characterised by instability, he has upset natural order and this can be seen reflected in the natural world around him, ’’thou seest the heavens as troubled with man’s act .. by the clock tis day and yet dark light stangles the travelling lamp. ’’ The chaos and disorder seen in Scotland under Macbeth’’s rule is reflected in the natural world. As king, Macbeth focuses on the wrong things, he tries to achieve strength and power and puts this ‘’vaulting ambition’’ before his duty to lead Scotland. Macbeth could in no way be considered divine, a clear contrast to ‘’meek’’ Duncan. The character of Macbeth is associated with evil and witch-craft and his is known to others as a ‘’tyrant whose sole name blisters our tongues,’’ synonymous with power, although he has no legal or God-chosen right to have it. In Macbeth we see a king who deviates completely from all the ‘’king becoming graces’’ and qualities of a good king, and as a result, his country suffers greatly, ‘’every morn new widows howl, new orphans cry. ’ In the play, we never actually meet Edward the Confessor, King of England, but through descriptions from Malcolm we can see clearly that he embodies all that a true, virtuous king should. He is associated with ‘’heaven’’ and ‘’grace’’ and all things ‘’saintly. ’’ Edward is said to possess the a bility to foresee the future and to heal the sick, he does not abuse these powers like Macbeth, but instead puts them to good use, ‘’ he hath a heavenly gift of prophecy, and sundry blessings hang about his throne. ’’ We see in Edward a king who is a good judge of character, unlike Duncan. Edward welcomes Malcolm into his court and agrees to help him despite many thoughts that Malcolm is the one who murdered Duncan. Edward can see Malcolm innocence and kindly offers him a safe haven where he can regroup. The qualities of kingship seen in Edward are that of honesty, kindness and holiness, all adhering to the fore-mentioned ‘’king becoming graces. ’’ This example of a most excellent king would have impressed King James of England at the time as it was widely known that King James was a descendent of King Edward’s. Malcolm, Duncan’s son and rightful heir to the throne, does not become king until the final scene of the play but still we are left feeling Scotland is in safe hands. Malcolm shows his qualities earlier in the play and from this we can see just what kind of king he is going to be. The anointing of Malcolm as king of Scotland restores natural order after the hellish reign of Macbeth. We feel as if Malcolm will be fair and honest as king and we know he understands what is expected of him, as he was in fact the character who listed the ‘’king becoming graces such as justice, verity, temperance †¦ ’ We see he is a better judge of character than that of his late father as before trusting Macduff, he tests his loyalty to Scotland. He also understands how the power associated with being in king can easily go to one’s head, no matter how honest they may seem previous, ‘’ a good virtuous nature may recoil in an imperial charge. ’†™ Before we learn of any of this, we know Malcolm resides in the palace of King Edward, this association alone causes us to automatically characterise Malcolm with goodness and honesty. Malcolm is respected and liked by the people, this is show by the fact that he was able to bring together an army of ‘’ten thousand’’ to fight against the ‘’tyrant’’ Macbeth. With Malcolm as king, we see peace and unity once again being restored to Scotland, ‘’Hail king of Scotland. ’’ The only criticism I would have of Malcolm is the fact that he rewards directly, all those who have been loyal to him,’’ my thanes and kinsmen, hensforth be Earls. ’ This action reminds us of Duncan’s hasty reaction of appointing Macbeth as Thane of Cowdor. He rewarded immediately Macbeth’s seemed bravery but paid most dearly for it. I could not help but wonder if Malcolm may perhaps suffer a similar fate. We see in all the kings mentioned in Macbeth, many differences. These differences allow us to contrast the characters and explore deeply the theme of kingship in the play. In Macbeth, w e see an unnatural king which causes chaos in his country. He rules with terror and evil. Duncan was a king who rules with peace and honesty, but his trusting nature unfortunately lead to his untimely death. In both Malcolm and Edward, we see good kings who appear to possess and understand the qualities needed to be king. Although it can be said that a fault may be seen in Malcolm’s character, this is no more than a suggestion, and I feel that his positive traits as King overwrite this. At the end of the play we are left feeling satisfied that has been left in safe hands.

Death, Tragedy and Community at Wartime Essay Essays

Death, Tragedy and Community at Wartime Essay Essays Death, Tragedy and Community at Wartime Essay Essay Death, Tragedy and Community at Wartime Essay Essay Essay Topic: Woman On the Edge Of Time Diing in War: Deductions for the household. the community and the societal worker Death is a phenomenon that evokes assorted reactions and positions from a community. For some. it a blest release from the tests and jobs of life. To others. it may really good be the terminal of the universe when they lose a loved 1. What remains changeless nevertheless is the heartache. mourning and solitariness experienced by those left buttocks. Even more so when decease was sudden and unexpected as like what happens in times of war. catastrophe. and terrorist onslaughts. Grief goes through many phases. each phase more hard that the last. While most people by and large manage to get by with clip. some experience more troubles and tend to develop psychological and emotional jobs. During the First and Second World Wars. the knock of the mailman was a thing of apprehension. They either brought wires citing the boies and male parents of households for the bill of exchange or wires denoting the decease or loss of loved one. An estimated 8 million military forces in 14 European states were killed in World War I. and 14. 4 million military forces in 17 European states were killed in World War II ( Aiken. 2001. p. 111 ) . Parents who all of a sudden lose their kids such as what happened to most wartime female parents with big boies normally have a harder clip coming to footings with the decease of their kid ( Gilbert. 2005. p. 6 ) . The loss and feelings of weakness and choler can be intense. There is a common belief that something is incorrect when a parent buries his/her kid. Most parents who have experienced this study that they feel dissociation with life and everything merely felt so unreal ( p. 6 ) . That it is non right that parents should last their kids is frequently the idea that haunts bereft parents. What function do societal workers play in times of war and panic? Social jobs are defined as the challenges that face and exist in communities ( Hardcastle. Powers A ; Wenocur. 2004. p. 62 ) . It is the societal worker’s occupation to assist the community and its members formulate and implement solutions to these jobs. Social workers normally work with jobs related to economic disadvantages. unwellness and disablement. offense and delinquency. maltreatment and ill-treatment. service proviso to particular parts of the population and mental unwellness. All these jobs call for leading attending and trained intercession ( P. 62 ) . No state of affairs can set all these things together more than times of war. What may be the biggest challenge to a societal worker though is the undertaking of assisting a household and community trade with the sudden losingss of loved 1s in combat. In add-on to this. they should besides be prepared to get by with the rehabilitation of those who have been able to come back place but exist with cicatrixs that are non merely physical but besides mental and emotional. The events of September 11. 2001. though technically non a portion of any formal war except the 1 on panic. had an impact that was non dissimilar to armed struggles. There was confusion. choler. anxiousness and above all. people who in an blink of an eye lost their loved 1s. As with wartime. sudden decease can merely be viewed as unjust and prematurely ( Clements. Deranieri. Vigil A ; Benasutti. 2004 ) For illustration. the September 11. 2001 panic onslaughts left behind households and kids who have lost mas and pas in that blink of an eye. Even grownups and kids who were indirectly affected by the onslaughts have grown to endure feelings of anxiousness and tattered security in their personal and familial safety ( Smith A ; Reynolds. 2002 ) . Besides the inevitable feelings of heartache. kids particularly were left buttocks and frequently had to postulate with incubuss and morbid images of the traumatic deceases their loved 1s experienced every bit good as the emphasis and trouble of seeking to visualize lives without ma or pa. It is besides of import to retrieve that the effects of injuries are non limited to those who suffer it straight ( Sims. Hayden. Palmer A ; Hutchins. 2000. p. 41 ) The ubiquitousness of telecasting besides afforded kids at place non merely intelligence of the onslaughts but besides graphic images and descriptions of the calamity and all its force. This made it even more debatable for kids and people who have lost loved 1s in the Twin Towers and the plane clangs as coverage of each hideous scene gave them fresh fish for the imaginativeness and subsequent incubuss. The instance of a 7-year old male child named Johnny is cited in the survey ( 2002 ) by Smith and Reynolds. : Following the 9/11 onslaughts. Johnny developed a changeless fright of his parents go forthing place and acquiring killed by â€Å"bad work forces. † He besides developed a phobic disorder of lifts and would throw fits whenever his parents tried to do him utilize one. Johnny admitted to his healer that his fright of lift stemmed from a narrative he heard of how â€Å"people in the Twin Towers were trapped and killed while siting in the lifts. † ( Smith A ; Reynolds. 2002 ) Neither Johnny nor his household were straight involved or affected in the panic onslaught. The mental and emotional strain suffered by subsisters and those affected by this really high profile event led to the American Psychiatric Association’s puting up of reding services â€Å"focusing on heartache. acute emphasis and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD ) ( Smith A ; Reynolds. 2002 ) . The trouble that most lasting relations meet is in the un-timeliness of decease. While conventional wisdom holds that boies and male parents who go to war may non come back once more. more frequently than non. there is a strong hope that they will be able to come place. Despite the cognition of all the possibilities. the sudden and traumatic nature of decease frequently creates jobs among lasting relations. They become victims in their ain right. Muller and Thompson believe that the mode of decease dramas a critical function in finding the reaction of the subsisters ( Muller A ; Thompson. 2003 ) . If its bad plenty for people to all of a sudden lose their loved 1s. how much more would it be for kids to populate and travel through an environment of war and decease? In his article in the Journal of Multi-cultural Counseling and Development in 2004. Clinical psychologist and Fellow of the American Psychological Association ( APA ) Gargi Roysircar relates the instance of 20-year old Yugoslavian emigrant Stephen. who at the age of 10 witnessed the tallness of the civil war between Christians and Muslims in Kosovo in 1990. In interviews with his counsellor. Stephen recalls witnessing about 80 % of his schoolmates get killed by bombs. sniper shootings and gunshot as they walked to and from school. At age 14. Stephen was taken by his male parent to the frontlines for preparation in combat to contend with the Serbian ground forces. The following two old ages wold take Stephen all over the Balkans and would expose him to all sorts of decease. want and war atrociousnesss. Finally migrating as political refugees in the United States. in 1999. Stephen demonstrated trouble in socialization and accommodation. The changeless supplanting he experienced in war along with the misgiving bred by his yesteryear and cultural paranoia fostered by the Croatian community they lived with made it hard for Stephen to acclimatise to peacetime puting. Roysircar describes Stephen as holding â€Å"recurrent ideas and images of his violent experience in the Balkans. He experienced incubuss. ill will and a profound sense of a deficiency of belonging. Stephen besides frequently recounted the troubles he experienced including â€Å"hiding in a cellar and eating rats† particularly when angry. He besides displays a deep-rooted hate for the Muslims and believes â€Å"the Middle East should be wiped off the face of the Earth† ( Roysircar. 2004 ) . While there may be theoretical accounts detailing phases of heartache and recovery. societal workers must be prepared for cases that do non adhere to such theoretical accounts. In Stephen’s instance while he did non straight lose any of his close household members. he was exposed at an early age to force and decease. He has besides experienced being the cause of another human being’s decease as he and his male parent fought on the Serbian ground forces. This is no different from the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder exhibited by American soldiers returning from Vietnam or any other country where they fought in combat. A individual does non hold to lose anyone in order to experience heartache. mourning and endure any upset that may ensue from it as evidenced by the small male child Johnnie and Stephen. Death in wartime is non limited to merely the loss of a loved one. In a community where all able bodied work forces are called to weaponries. anybody can lose hubbies. brothers. male parents and boies at any twenty-four hours. Families left behind are left to their ain devices and imaginings of what horrors their loved 1s are confronting. Those who do lose household members are haunted by the mode by which their loved one died. There is besides the unfortunate circumstance in war where decease is an equivocal issue. In the Vietnam War. many people were reported losing in action. The households of such people were left at an awkward and atrocious place of non cognizing whether they should be mourning or keeping out hope for their loved one’s return ( Worden. 2003. p. 40 ) . In some instances. some households do accept the world that their loved one may be dead and travel through the full procedure of mourning and recovery merely to be told subsequently that their hubbies and boies were merely captives of war and has since been released. While normally this may sound like a fairy narrative stoping. there may come unbridgeable spreads and tenseness that can merely destroy relationships and lives ( p. 85 ) . On the other manus. some households may maintain cleaving to the hope that their loved 1s are alive and hence garbage to give manner to heartache and credence. Stacy Bannerman ( 2007 ) is one of the many ground forces married womans whose matrimony was broken up by war. In her article that appeared in â€Å"The Progressive. † she relates how her one time happy matrimony with one of the military’s howitzer platoon commanding officers started heading downhill with every decease he caused and witnessed during his stretch in Iraq. She decries the insensitiveness and deficiency of support for military households from the National Guard. She farther cites how there was an absolute deficiency of prompt attending to the mental and emotional demands of returning military work forces who more frequently than non suffered from PTSD like her hubby. Lorin did. Because of this. there have been military work forces who have survived their circuit of responsibility merely to yield to mental and emotional torment and stop up perpetrating self-destruction on American dirt ( Bannerman. 2007 ) . It is the soldiers. their households. and the people of Iraq that pay the human costs. The check so far: more than 3. 000 dead U. S. military personnels. 10s of 1000s of hurt. over half a million Iraqi casualties. approximately 250. 000 American military mans and adult females fighting with PTSD. and about 60. 000 military matrimonies that have been broken by this war ( Bannerman. 2007 ) . The job here is that most of those left buttocks are left to get by with their ain frights without the support of anybody else except household and members who are besides wrapped up in their ain concerns. In this instance. societal workers must be able to take the lead in set uping outreach and community groups so people do non hold to get by and endure in isolation. Carpenter ( 2002 ) states that the psychological wellbeing of the members of a community is one of the occupations of a societal worker. While it is true that the injury brought on by exposure to force and decease may be an single procedure. healing and recovery demands social support and strong relationships ( Carpenter. 2002 ) . This may go a challenge to households and communities who are covering with their anxiousness and heartache. However. Carpenter reminds societal workers that one of the primary ends of societal work is to assist authorise the laden. Oppression in itself can take on many definitions and signifiers. In this peculiar instance. it is the injury and heartache that is enfeebling and suppressing the person and the community. Social workers must besides be prepared to look for marks of pent-up heartache. Some persons choose to keep back and neglect to show heartache and hence develop jobs later in life frequently developing passions. paranoia and demonstrate maltreatment towards other people. At times. the feelings of heartache or multiple losingss of loved 1s may take to a â€Å"grief overload† that would do an person to detain heartache ( Worden. 2003. p. 91 ) The community as a societal system can supply a web of support. Given the right leading. empathy and sensitiveness. it can besides go a â€Å"safe† topographic point where people can come to footings with their heartache and easy travel on toward recovery. In the instances of Johnnie and Stephen. it took clip before they were able to confront and acknowledge their choler. anxiousness and heartache at the bad things that they experienced and fright. Sometimes. self-reflection and a ready ear is all that’s necessary. As clinically trained counsellors and pathologists. societal workers are tasked with the responsibility of assisting people recognize and understand what jobs they may hold. Community-wise. societal workers should hold adequate cognition of the community’s demographics in order to unite and make a solid web of safety and interaction that may help troubled and bereaved persons peculiarly in struggle filled times such as war. Death at wartime comes in many signifiers. It could be the existent decease of a loved 1. anxiousness at the possible decease. loss at whether person is dead or non. or even those who continue to physically populate but have broken liquors and lasting disablements as a consequence of war lesions. Much as decease is a large thing that affects non merely the household but besides the community as a whole. war brings with it so much more jobs and issues that will doubtless dispute most societal workers. Undertaking societal work means one must be in sync with the community. By in sync. it covers everything from issues. cardinal people. and resources that may be mobilized in times of demand. War is a clip of huge crisis and calamity that the societal worker must be prepared to confront caput on and competently lead and ease the procedures by which the community may be transformed into a supportive societal system that each member may be able to depend on. This does non intend nevertheless that societal workers can non be affected or lose their sense of ego in covering with all these calamities. Tsui and Cheung ( 2003 ) urge a self-reflection on the portion of the societal worker in order to understand and come to footings with their ain reactions and feelings to calamities they both informant and hear about from their clients before trying to cover farther with the heartache of others. They besides stress that one time societal workers attend to their responsibilities. they should make so intellectually yet with empathy and concentrate on assessing and turn toing the demands of the community instead than one’s ain ( Tsui A ; Cheung. 2003 ) Mentions Aiken. L. R. ( 2001 ) . Diing. Death. and Bereavement ( 4th ed. ) . Mahwah. New jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved November 28. 2007. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=22091057 Bannerman. S. ( 2007. March ) . Broken by This War. The Progressive. 71. 26+ . Retrieved November 28. 2007. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=5021139792 Carpenter. J. ( 2002 ) . Mental Health Recovery Paradigm: Deductions for Social Work. Health and Social Work. 27 ( 2 ) . 86+ . Retrieved November 28. 2007. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=5000778618 Gilbert. K. R. ( 2005 ) . 1 When a Couple Loses a Child. In Family Stressors: Interventions for Stress and Trauma. Catherall. D. R. ( Ed. ) ( pp. 5-30 ) . New York: Brunner Routledge. Retrieved November 28. 2007. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=109184971 Catherall. D. R. ( Ed. ) . ( 2005 ) . Family Stressors: Interventions for Stress and Trauma. New York: Brunner Routledge. Retrieved November 28. 2007. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=109184958 Clements. P. T. . Deranieri. J. T. . Vigil. G. J. . A ; Benasutti. K. M. ( 2004 ) . Life after Death: Grief Therapy after the Sudden Traumatic Death of a Family Member. Positions in Psychiatric Care. 40 ( 4 ) . 149+ . Retrieved November 28. 2007. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=5008586582 Hardcastle. D. A. . Powers. P. R. . A ; Wenocur. S. ( 2004 ) . Community Practice: Theories and Skills for Social Workers. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 28. 2007. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=104722138 Roysircar. G. ( 2004 ) . Child Survivor of War: A Case Study. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development. 32 ( 3 ) . 168+ . Retrieved November 28. 2007. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=5012181947 Sims. M. . Hayden. J. . Palmer. G. . A ; Hutchins. T. ( 2000 ) . Working in Early Childhood Settings with Children Who Have Experienced Refugee or War-Related Trauma. Australian Journal of Early Childhood. 25 ( 4 ) . 41. Retrieved November 28. 2007. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=5001127890 Smith. S. . A ; Reynolds. C. ( 2002 ) . Innocent Lost: The Impact of 9-11 on the Development of Children. Annalss of the American Psychotherapy Association. 5 ( 5 ) . 12+ . Retrieved November 21. 2007. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=5002560442 Tsui. M. . A ; Cheung. F. C. ( 2003 ) . Covering with Terrorism: What Social Workers Should and Can Do. Social Work. 48 ( 4 ) . 556+ . Retrieved November 28. 2007. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=5002045024 Worden. J. W. ( 2003 ) . Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. Hove. England: Brunner-Routledge. Retrieved November 28. 2007. from Questia database: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o A ; d=108479290

Questions in Network Security Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questions in Network Security - Coursework Example te’s holder or certificate’s subject and attest that the generated certificate’s public key is that of the certificate’s holder or certificate’s subject (Shoniregun 84). In symmetric key encryption (secret key encryption) method, data is scrambled by pressing same key to both decrypt and encrypt it while in asymmetric encryption (public key encryption), different keys are used to decrypt and encrypt. In addition to this, asymmetric encryption allows sharing of key since decryption key is kept to oneself while with symmetric key encryption, the key have to be kept secret. In combined a/symmetric encryption, a random symmetric key is created to encrypt the data then the key is encrypted asymmetrically. The key is added to the encrypted message after being asymmetrically encrypted (Shoniregun 122). After the receiver gets the key, using their private key they decrypt it and decrypts the message using it. Combined a/symmetric cryptography has several advantages over both cryptographies: Asymmetric encryption helps in preventing creation of point attack while trying to improve feasibility of encrypted information through use of clearinghouse in symmetric encryption involving a large number of people. SSL and TLS certificates are small sized data files used to digitally attach a cryptographic key onto organizational details. They both designed to serve the purpose of ensuring communications security over any computer network. These protocols directly operates on TCP’s top (though, there they are also implemented to suite datagram based protocols like UDP). Through this, secure connection is still provided and still top layers protocols remain unchanged (like HTTP). Underneath the SSL layer, HTTP and HTTPS are identical. When using TLS/SSL appropriately, all what is visible to an attacker over the cable is which port and IP you are connected to, roughly what compression and encryption is used and the quantity of data you are sending. He/she can also be able

Why are there different perspectives on change within organizations Essay

Why are there different perspectives on change within organizations - Essay Example Bateman and Zaithaml (1990) assert that organizations must change because the environment within which they operate is constantly changing. They need to incorporate and implement change not only survive but also to maintain a competitive advantage within the industry. The various internal and external drivers of changes are intrinsically linked to performance outcome of the firm. They also influence the perspectives of people in the organization and therefore, directly or indirectly impact the performance of the organization. Therefore, they become vital factors to be evaluated and analysed for efficient exploitation by the managerial leadership. But at the same time, it is equally true that changes are perceived differently by different people and therefore, there is always an element of resistance within a group of people in the organization. Indeed, the different views on change within the organization can be explained because organizations have different goals, structures and org anizational culture that may necessitate different response to the defined change. The perception to change therefore is often influenced by multitude of issues which can be defined by individual ideologies and beliefs; group representation; individual and organizational competencies; power dynamics within the organizations; inter-cultural compulsions etc. ... The organizations, in totem, also have wide ranging reaction to the environmental changes. They adapt and exploit them to improve and improvise productivity. The people therefore become major factors within the organizations whose perceived value of the changes can have considerable impact on the outcome. The organizational perception to change needs to be evaluated and analyzed for gaining leverage in the highly competitive business environment. Thus, the diversity of issues and factors that promote different outlook to changes within the organizations would be discussed for developing more effective strategy of change management in the organization. Many social scientists have proposed four major determinants of change: the structural-functional, multiple constituencies, organizational development, and creativity and volition perspective (Jackson, 2003; Cyert & March, 1963; Shafritz and Ott, 1991; Pfeffer, 1981). The various propellants are primarily focused on optimal performance by changing inputs into desired output by the organizations. The structural-functional paradigm promotes changes that increase the productivity through increase in functional efficiency and structural modification. The Fordism highlights the increase of productivity through standardization of process. Change intervention becomes essential part of business strategy. Thus, businesses constantly look out for processes and means that would enhance their productivity and financial benefits. Multiple constituencies primarily focus on various stakeholders of the business which can have significant influence on the performance of the organization. The various linkages within and outside the organizational purview